The Effectiveness of a Leniency Program in Algerian and Comparative Competition Law: New Guidelines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experience shows that in large cartel cases, there are often problems with proof of participation. More and more sophisticated techniques are being put in place by the conspiratorial companies in order to leave as few traces as possible. Thus, with the clemency programs, the risk of denunciation becomes a reality in the world of cartelists, so that the cartel is destabilized from within. The only way to limit the risks of denunciation is to increase controls on members and to strengthen the system of sanctions. All these measures have a cost, which is not negligible and is included in the cost / benefit calculation. The result of the calculation, negative, can dissuade companies from forming cartels. On the contrary, for the competition authorities, the financial benefits are in principle large. For this, clemency programs can effectively combat this type of behavior.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.028 | 0.025 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".