Effect of Rotation on Seeds’ Self-Burial Process: Insights from DEM Simulations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seeds of some flowering plants such as Erodium and Pelargonium can bury itself into the ground for future germination. The self-burial behavior is realized due to hygroscopic coiling and uncoiling of the awns. It is hypothesized that the rotating motion due to the changing of the helical structure of the awn reduces penetration resistance of the seed via breaking the local force chains in soil. In this study, this hypothesis is tested using a DEM model, which allows investigating the interaction between a penetrator and the granular material at different scales. The DEM model was first calibrated and validated using existing laboratory triaxial test data of Ottawa sand. A cone was then penetrated into the calibrated soil sample vertically with different rotational speeds. It was observed that the rotational movement can significantly reduce the penetration resistance, and the reduction becomes more pronounced at higher rotational speeds. From particle scale analysis, the force chain and particle velocity field of the soil sample were investigated, and comparisons were made among cases, which shed light on the fundamental mechanism of the reduction effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".