Effect of microbially induced cementation on the instability and critical state behaviours of Fraser River sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is a naturally driven biological process that harnesses the natural metabolic action of bacteria to induce the precipitation of calcium carbonate and alter soil engineering properties. This paper presents the results of using MICP to improve the monotonic undrained yield and critical strengths of Fraser River sand specimens. Bacteria called “Sporosarcina ureae” are employed as a ureolytic organism to achieve MICP. The formation of calcite cementation among sand particles is confirmed using scanning electron microscopic images and X-ray compositional analysis of cemented sand clusters. The progress of MICP cementation is assessed by measuring the velocity of a shear wave (VS) traveling through the specimen. The results show that VS starts to increase just as the calcium solution is introduced into each specimen after soaking the samples with the bacterial solution. Improvement in monotonic strength of sand samples is subsequently measured in a series of direct simple shear tests. Due to the combined effects of particle cementation and densification, the sand’s undrained and drained monotonic shearing strengths are significantly enhanced.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".