Stress chatter on a fracture network reactivated by hydraulic fracturing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Source processes of injection induced earthquakes involve complex fluid-rock interaction often elusive to regional seismic monitoring. Here we combine observations from a local seismograph array in the Montney basin, northeast British Columbia, and stress modeling to examine the spatial and temporal evolution of the 30 November 2018 M 4.5 hydraulic fracturing induced earthquake sequence. The mainshock occurred at ~ 4.5 km in the crystalline basement two days following injection at ~ 2.5 km, suggesting direct triggering by rapid fluid pressure increase via a high-permeability conduit. Most of the aftershocks are located in the top 2 km sedimentary layers, with focal mechanisms indicating discrete slip along sub-vertical surfaces in a ~ 1 km wide deformation zone. Aftershock distribution is also consistent with static stress triggering from the M 4.5 coseismic slip. Our analysis suggests complex hydraulic and stress transfer between fracture/fault networks needs to be considered in induced seismic hazard assessment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".