Dual-ion electrochromic battery with long lifetime based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-nanocluster modified hydrogel electrolytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For application in flexible, electrochromic batteries, transparent, highly conductive and long lifetime electrolytes are necessary to achieve fast coloration and a maximum contrast. Based on a dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO) modified polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel, we developed a dual-ion Zn2+/Al3+ electrochromic battery consisting of a Zn anode and WO3 cathode. To overcome shortcomings of conventional hydrogel electrolytes, which experience low solvent retention, we introduce a DMSO:H2O mixed solvent polymerization process, which significantly increases the electrolyte retention of the hydrogel and therefore its lifetime for ionic conduction. The DMSO-modified electrolyte exhibits ionic conductivities up to 27 mS/cm at room temperature, while the formation of DMSO:H2O nanoclusters enables ionic conduction even at temperatures as low as -15°C and retention of ionic conduction over more than 28 days. The electrochromic battery based on the modified hydrogel exhibits a specific charge capacity of 16.9 μAh/cm2 at current densities of 200 μA/cm2 with 100% coulombic efficiency retention over 200 charge-discharge cycles. Based on a double layer architecture, the flexible battery shows a contrast of over 80% trough electrochromic coloration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".