Arctic foxes as ecosystem engineers: benefits to vegetation and collared lemmings through nutrient deposition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
I estimated the non-trophic effects of arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) denning activities on soil nutrient dynamics, vegetation production and quality, snow cover thickness, and their primary terrestrial prey, collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx richardsoni), near Churchill, Manitoba in April, June and August 2014. Arctic foxes increased soil inorganic nitrogen and extractable phosphorous concentration on their dens. This increase in soil nutrient levels resulted in greater vegetation quantity (measured as biomass and cover) and quality (measured as nitrogen content) on dens. Increased vegetation cover, specifically Salix sp. and Leymus mollis cover, positively affected snow cover thickness on dens by trapping blowing snow. Increased snow cover thickness made dens attractive nesting sites to collared lemmings (measured as lemming nest counts). In addition, dens with lemming nests had greater snow cover thickness compared to dens without lemming nests. Greater vegetation quantity and quality on dens could also attract lemmings to dens for winter nesting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".