Social Injustice in Indian Country: Historical Antecedents of Current Issues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
American Indians have suffered injustices within the United States from the beginning of white contact in the sixteenth century up to the present. Although the days of overt genocide are over a more subtle form of exploitation continues today as is evident in the current controversies surrounding the mismanagement of the Individual Indian Trust Fund and the deliberate exploitation of gaming tribes by lobbyist and politicians. Clearly, any analysis of Native Americans’ (American Indians and Native Alaskans/Eskimos) justice in the United States needs to focus on the uniqueness of this relationship of a conquering colonial power over the subjugated indigenous population and how it differs from other minority groups in the United States and even Canada’s aboriginals (First Nations and Inuit). American Indians, because of their federal protection status within Indian Country (federally-recognized tribal reservations), obviates any comparison with other racial minorities including, Blacks, Hispanics/Latinos and Asians. These other minority groups of color have historically benefited from class mobility, albeit limited and mostly within their own ethnic/cultural communities, hence adhering to the socio-economic benefits of the larger societal value system. This is not to say that problems relevant to procedural (due process) and distributive (goods/wealth) injustices are not present-but, when they exist, they appear to be more a factor of economic class than culture, religion or race (Park, 1964). In this chapter, we first would like to show how the situation of American Indians differs from that in Canada, which factors are important to explain the injustices done to them, and what the main differences are between the Native American culture and the society at large. To get an accurate picture of the contemporary treatment of American Indians it is necessary to describe the genesis of United States Indian Policy as it has developed from the earliest period on. The next part of the chapter will describe contemporary social justice issues. The chapter will conclude with suggestions for a better understanding and treatment policy of Native Americans.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".