Trends in Ozonation Disinfection By-Products—Occurrence, Analysis and Toxicity of Carboxylic Acids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ozonation is becoming a common disinfection method for drinking water treatment. This has prompted the investigation of ozonation disinfection by-products (ODBPs) in drinking water. Ozonation generates a diverse range of carbonyl disinfection by-products, including carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones and aldo-ketoacids. Among these ODBPs, carboxylic acid by-products (CABPs) are observed in higher concentrations compared to other carbonyl by-products. However, relatively little research has been conducted on CABPs, including their precursors, formation and occurrence, methods of detection and toxicity. This review outlines the occurrence and variability of CABPs in a number of water sources treated and disinfected with ozonation. It considers the effect of ozonation parameters, including ozone dose, temperature and time of ozonation on the formation of CABPs. The review also discusses the various analytical approaches for CABP quantification, as well as their possible toxicity in drinking water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".