Effects of diquat dibromide herbicide exposure on biomarkers of stress and chemical exposure in two non-target fish species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flowering rush is an invasive plant that creates dense blooms, blocking waterways and reducing available fish habitat. Diquat dibromide was applied to eradicate flowering rush in a small water body near Innisfail, Alberta. An observational study was undertaken to assess the effects of diquat on non-target fish species under field conditions. Brook stickleback and fathead minnows were collected from the exposed water body and a reference site before and after two applications of diquat. Mass, length, condition factor, and hepatosomatic index were significantly different between the two sites, but the differences were not correlated with diquat exposure. Secondary stress (HSP70, HSC70) and chemical exposure (CYP1A) biomarkers also did not change in association with diquat exposure. The cortisol response was normal following diquat exposure. No evidence was obtained to suggest that diquat was causing sub-lethal toxic effects in these fish species following use of diquat to eradicate invasive flowering rush.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".