Bibliographic record
Abstract
Embedded clusters produce the greatest numbers of stars within our Galaxy but the process by which clusters themselves form is not well understood. The structures and kinematics of the very youngest embedded clusters, i.e., `protoclusters' with ages < 10^6 yr, should provide needed insight. To gauge their utility in this regard, we examine recent observations of a nearby protocluster in Ophiuchus. Near-infrared images of the Oph A core reveal numerous young objects but the small sky coverages or low sensitivities to highly-embedded objects attained so far limit their usefulness in revealing cluster structure. Submillimeter continuum images do reveal the most embedded objects but their relatively low resolutions preclude effective comparisons with near-infrared images. Interferometric millimeter observations of N2H+ 1-0 show a strong spatial coincidence with the submillimeter continuum objects, and can be used to trace radial velocities of this population at least. The Oph A filament shows small radial velocity dispersions, e.g., ~0.2 km/s, at odds with predictions from some theories of cluster formation. The upcoming C2D and COMPLETE surveys of nearby star-forming molecular clouds will produce the sensitive, wide-field data needed to understand better the cluster formation process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".