An Investigation into the Effects of Nano Copper Oxide to the Soil Invertibrates Eisena Andrei and Folsomia Canadida
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The fate and effects of nano copper oxide (nCuO) to soil invertebrates in field collected soil and in biosolid amended field soil were investigated in order to understand the risk CuO nanomaterials present to the soil environment.The effects of nCuO were compared to a soluble Cu-salt (i.e., CuSO4) through sub-lethal toxicity studies with the earthworm Eisenia andrei and the springtail Folsomia candida, which included survival and reproduction tests for both species and bioaccumulation in E. andrei.The fate of both Cu forms was examined in soil through the characterization of Cu, namely total Cu, extractable Cu 2+ and extractable nano particulate CuO in each exposure scenario.In general, exposure to nCuO compared to CuSO4 was less toxic for both reproduction and bioaccumulation tests and with or without biosolid amendment.Results demonstrated that the solubilization of and availability of Cu 2+ in soils could explain the observed effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".