Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Conrad Hal Waddington (1905–1975) took a degree in Geology at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He began but never finished a graduate degree; genetics and experimental embryology replaced palaeontology. He began experimental studies on the chemical nature of the primary organiser discovered by Spemann and Mangold in 1924. From collaboration with Joseph and Dorothy Needham and through the Theoretical Biology Club, came the concepts of evocation and individuation. Establishment of a Unit on Animal Breeding and Genetics in Edinburgh after the second World War provided Waddington with his professional home where he sought to integrate genetics and development into an evolutionarily relevant discipline. Adhering to the organic philosophy initiated by Alfred Whitehead (organicism) Waddington identified three major modes of explanation for the development of organisms as integrated wholes: canalisation, genetic assimilation and epigenetics. The metaphorical epigenetic landscape became the way most developmental biologists ‘saw’ the organisation of embryonic development. Integrated, heritable, epigenetic organisation of embryonic development is Waddington's lasting legacy to development and evolution. Key Concepts Canalisation is a homeostatic mechanism by which development is buffered against environmental or genetic variation, allowing the same feature to form under changing conditions. Genetic assimilation is the process by which embryos respond to changes in the environment by producing a different phenotype, which, through selection, can arise in the absence of the environmental change. Epigenetics (Waddingtonian epigenetics) is the term for the interactions among genes and between genes and environmental signals that result in the formation of elements of the phenotype. Molecular epigenetics is the study of how mechanisms such as methylation or imprinting regulate gene action. Interactions between parts of developing animal embryos (embryonic induction) are essential for the development of major body parts.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.071 | 0.030 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".