Classification of tumor signatures from electrosurgical vapors using mass spectrometry and machine learning: a feasibility study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The iKnife is a new surgical tool designed to aid in tumor resection procedures by providing enriched chemical feedback about the tumor resection cavity from electrosurgical vapors. We build and compare machine learning classifiers that are capable of distinguishing primary cancer from surrounding tissue at different stages of tumor progression. In developing our classification framework, we implement feature reduction and recognition tools that will assist in the translation of xenograft studies to clinical application and compare these tools to standard linear methods that have been previously demonstrated. METHODS: Two cohorts (n=6 each) of 12 week old female immunocompromised (Rag2−/−;Il2rg−/−) mice were injected with the same human breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231) cell line. At 4 and 6 weeks after cell injection, mice in each cohort were respectively euthanized, followed by iKnife burns performed on tumors and tissues prior to sample collection for future studies. A feature reduction technique that uses a neural network is compared to traditional linear analysis. For each method, we fit a classifier to distinguish primary cancer from surrounding tissue. RESULTS: Both classifiers can distinguish primary cancer from metastasis and surrounding tissue. The classifier that uses a neural network achieves an accuracy of 96.8% and the classifier without the neural network achieves an accuracy of 96%. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of these classifiers indicate that this device has the potential to offer real-time, intraoperative classification of tissue. This technology may be used to assist in intraoperative margin detection and inform surgical decisions to offer a better standard of care for cancer patients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".