Widespread North American ocuurence of millstones made of imported French chert (French buhr) containing charophytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fossil charophytes belonging to the genus Gyrogona can be used to distinguish chert millstones made of French buhr (pierre meulière) from millstones made of domestic North American cherts. The occurrence of the charophytes Gyrogona medicaginula Lamarck and Gyrogona cf. G. medicaginula in millstones imported from France has been previously documented for Massachusetts, Vermont, and Ohio in the United States. Additional localities with millstones containing Gyrogona are documented in this paper for the states of Arkansas, California, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Virginia, and Wisconsin in the United States, and in the Province of Ontario in Canada. These widespread occurrences demonstrate the utility of charophytes as indicators of provenance of stone used for millstones. The geologic age and depositional environment (marine) of chert-bearing beds known to have been used for manufacture of millstones in North America are also noted.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".