Type 2 diabetes does not exacerbate body heat storage in older adults during brief, extreme passive heat exposure
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aging exacerbates hyperthermia and cardiovascular strain during passive heat exposure, but it remains unclear whether those effects worsen in older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We examined these responses in unacclimatized, physically active, older individuals with (n = 13, mean ± SD age: 60 ± 8 years, HbA1c: 7.0 ± 1.0%) and without (Control, n = 30, 62 ± 6 years) well-controlled T2D during a brief, 3-h passive exposure to extreme heat (44°C, 30% relative humidity). Metabolic heat production, dry heat gain, total heat gain (metabolic heat production + dry heat gain), evaporative heat loss, body heat storage (summation of heat gain/loss), rectal and mean skin temperatures as well as heart rate were measured continuously. No between-group differences were observed for metabolic heat production (T2D vs. Control; 53 ± 5 vs. 55 ± 7 W/m2), dry heat gain (48 ± 9 vs. 47 ± 11 W/m2), total heat gain (101 ± 10 vs. 102 ± 14 W/m2) and evaporative heat loss (83 ± 10 vs. 85 ± 12 W/m2) over the 3 h (all P > 0.05). Consequently, the changes in body heat storage (380 ± 93 vs. 358 ± 172 kJ, P = 0.67) were similar between groups. Moreover, no between-group differences in rectal and mean skin temperatures or heart rate were measured. We conclude that unacclimatized, physically active, older adults with well-controlled T2D do not experience greater hyperthermia and cardiovascular strain compared to their healthy counterparts while resting in extreme heat for a brief, 3-h period.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it