Socio‐economic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factor prevalence in people with type 2 diabetes in Scotland: a cross‐sectional study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aim To describe the association between socio‐economic status and prevalence of key cardiovascular risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes in Scotland. Methods A cross‐sectional study of 264 011 people with type 2 diabetes in Scotland in 2016 identified from the population‐based diabetes register. Socio‐economic status was defined using quintiles of the area‐based Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) with quintile (Q)1 and Q5 used to identify the most‐ and least‐deprived fifths of the population, respectively. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, health board, history of cardiovascular disease and duration of diabetes were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for Q1 compared with Q5 for each risk factor. Results The mean ( sd ) age of the study population was 66.7 (12.8) years, 56% were men, 24% were in Q1 and 15% were in Q5. Crude prevalence in Q1/Q5 was 24%/8.8% for smoking, 62%/49% for BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 , 44%/40% for HbA 1c ≥ 58 mmol/mol (7.5%), 31%/31% for systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg, and 24%/25% for total cholesterol ≥ 5 mmol/l, respectively. ORs [95% confidence intervals (CI)] were 3.08 (2.95–3.21) for current smoking, 1.48 (1.44–1.52) for BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 , 1.11 (1.08–1.15) for HbA 1c ≥ 58 mmol/mol (7.5%), 1.03 (1.00–1.06) for SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and 0.87 (0.84–0.90) for total cholesterol ≥ 5 mmol/l. Conclusions Socio‐economic deprivation is associated with higher prevalence of smoking, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 and HbA 1c ≥ 58 mmol/mol (7.5%), and lower prevalence of total cholesterol ≥ 5 mmol/l among people with type 2 diabetes in Scotland. Effective approaches to reducing inequalities are required as well as reducing risk factor prevalence across the whole population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".