Distribution and frequency of mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in Mytilus edulis populations of Western Nova Scotia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mytilus edulis, Atlantic blue mussels, demonstrate doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) of mitochondrial (mt) DNA. Females are homoplasmic for a female-transmitted mtDNA genome (the F-type), and males are heteroplasmic for an F-type and a male-transmitted genome (the M-type). F-types can undergo "role reversal" events, resulting in a new M-type known as a recently masculinized (RM) type that co-occurs in the population with the evolutionarily older standard male (SM) type. Previous studies demonstrated that sperm with RM mtDNA have increased velocity in comparison to sperm with SM mtDNA. It was hypothesized that faster sperm containing RM mtDNA would have a selective advantage in dense populations, whereas slower but presumably longer lived sperm containing SM mtDNA would be selected for in sparse populations. This study examined nine populations of M. edulis to document the geographic distribution of mtDNA polymorphisms in male mussels along the coast of Western Nova Scotia. A variety of molecular techniques, including the polymerase chain reaction, restriction enzyme digests and Sanger sequencing were used to determine species and mitotype. The RM mitotype was found in five populations along the western coast of Nova Scotia, including two populations on the Fundy shore. RM mitotypes were in greatest proportions at two densely populated sites, however, the difference in the proportion of the RM type among sites was not statistically significant. The SM type was, however, the most common type in all populations, which suggests that there may be other selective pressures acting on mitotype distribution. Further analysis on M. edulis populations is required to better characterize the various selective pressures affecting the geographic distribution of RM and SM mitotypes in M. edulis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".