Seasonally varied hillslope and groundwater contributions to streamflow in a glacial till and fractured sedimentary bedrock dominated Rocky Mountain watershed
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Whereas a lack of streamflow response to significant forest disturbance (e.g., forestry, wildfire, and insect infestation) has been observed at multiple locations in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, a region with sedimentary bedrock overlain by glacial till, mechanisms governing this lack of change remain unclear. Some inferences can be drawn from conceptualizations of runoff generation (e.g., runoff thresholds and hydrologic connectivity) in physically similar watersheds, although much of the focus has been on rainfall-runoff dynamics. Thus, there is a need to describe runoff generation in this snow-dominated area to interpret how forest disturbance may impact streamflow quantity for downstream users. Stream water and source water (snow, rain, hillslope groundwater, till groundwater, bedrock groundwater and seeps) were sampled in four sub-watersheds (Star West Lower, Star West Upper, Star East Lower and Star East Upper) in Star Creek, SW Alberta. Principal component analysis was used to determine the relative dominance and timing of source water contributions to streamflow over the 2014 and 2015 hydrologic seasons. An initial displacement of old water stored in the hillslope over winter occurred at the onset of snowmelt, before the stream responded significantly. This was followed by a dilution effect as snowmelt saturated the landscape, recharged groundwater, and connected the hillslope to the stream. Fall baseflows were dominated by either hillslope groundwater or bedrock groundwater in Star West. Conversely, in Star East, stream water was similar to hillslope water in August but was unlike the measured sources in September and October. Temperature and chemical signatures of groundwater seeps suggest highly complex subsurface flow pathways. Hydrologic resilience in the Rocky Mountain eastern slopes may be, in part, due to these complex subsurface pathways in combination with the slow release of groundwater from glacial till.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".