Ultra‐Low‐Frequency Wave–Particle Interactions in Earth's Outer Radiation Belt
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An analytic model of ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves and test particle simulations are used to investigate signatures of electron drift resonance observed by the Van Allen Probes during the passage of an interplanetary shock on 31 October 2012, 15:30–16:00 UT. Electron fluxes binned in energy and pitch angle to match the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) instrument reproduce observed time series, while fluxes binned at higher resolution decay more slowly. The slower rate of decay is because oscillations in particle fluxes produced by ULF waves are phase-mixed across the finite energy width of MagEIS energy channels. Simulations of N = 0 drift resonance and N = −2 drift-bounce resonance are presented to provide insight into ion wave–particle interactions that are a science target of the recently launched Japanese ARASE spacecraft.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".