Propionic acid bacteria enhance ruminal feed degradation and reduce methane production <i>in vitro</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thirty-one strains of propionic acid bacteria were screened for their effects on methane production and volatile fatty acid concentrations using in vitro assays of rumen fluid from Norwegian dairy cows and a grass silage–concentrate mixture as substrate. Nine of 31 strains were further analysed for effects on substrate degradation. Propionic acid bacteria led to reductions of up to 20% in methane production. Seven strains stimulated volatile fatty acid production, and in their presence in vitro substrate degradation tended to increase (P < .10). Most consistent results were found with Propionibacterium thoenii T159, which reduced methane production by 20% and caused 8% and 21% overall increases in substrate degradation and total volatile acid production, respectively (P < .05). Concomitant beneficial effects of a reduction in methane emissions and an increase in feed degradation suggest that this strain may be a promising tool for improving the productive performance of dairy cows.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".