Shadowed Neighborhoods Based on Fuzzy Rough Transformation for Three-Way Classification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neighborhoods form a set-level approximation of data distribution for learning tasks. Due to the advantages of data generalization and nonparametric property, neighborhood models have been widely used for data classification. However, the existing neighborhood-based classification methods rigidly assign a certain class label to each data instance and lack the strategies to handle the uncertain instances. The far-fetched certain classification of uncertain instances may suffer serious risks. To tackle this problem, in this article, we propose a novel shadowed set to construct shadowed neighborhoods for uncertain data classification. For the fuzzy-rough transformation in the proposed shadowed set, a step function is utilized to map fuzzy neighborhood memberships to the set of triple typical values {0, 1, 0.5} and thereby partition a neighborhood into certain regions and uncertain boundary (neighborhood shadow). The threshold parameter in the step function for constructing shadowed neighborhoods is optimized through minimizing the membership loss in the mapping of shadowed sets. Based on the constructed shadowed neighborhoods, we implement a three-way classification algorithm to distinguish data instances into certain classes and uncertain case. Experiments validate the proposed three-way classification method with shadowed neighborhoods is effective in handling uncertain data and reducing the classification risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".