Ultrasonic Velocities In Laboratory-Formed Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gas Hydrates are widely distributed in the near surface at high latitudes and many ocean bottoms. Our laboratory measurements help calibrate the seismic and well log data that are used to ascertain the in situ distribution of hydrates. Ultrasonic velocities are measured in unconsolidated sand specimen under thermobaric conditions comparable to those found in shallow oceanic or permafrost regions, i.e. in the gas hydrate stability zone. Compressional-wave (p-wave) velocity data in dry Ottawa Sand samples subjected to a confining pressure that from 2 to 20 MPa range from about 700 to 1500 m/s. Gas hydrates were then formed a partially saturated Ottawa sand sample. As expected, this hydrate formation resulted in a dramatic increase in p-wave velocities from 700 m/s in the partially water saturated sample to 2100 m/s in the hydrate-bearing specimen. The hydrate effectively cements the sand such that nine hours after entering the hydrate stability region, the recorded waveforms remained constant even as the confining pressure was increased by more than 10 MPa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".