Belt and Road Initiative in the Arctic: Regulation of the Northern Sea Route (NSR)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Northern Sea Route (NSR) passes through international waters. The NSR therefore is subjected to multifold international regimes which encroach upon the governance of the NSR and on regulatory sovereignty of states having stakes in the Arctic, primarily Russia. These commitments among others cover freedom and safety of navigation, delimitation of exclusive economic zones. They also cover obligations related to sustainability such as marine pollution, conservation of fisheries, or protection of indigenous peoples. As to freedom of navigation, Russia’s/Soviet historical claims to a full sovereignty over the navigation and straits along the NSR have largely been substantiated after the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The UNCLOS expressly allowed coastal states to take unilateral regulatory actions against marine pollution in ice-covered areas in the wake of US-Canada controversy over the Northwest Passage which had set a precedent. Such special regulatory rights come, however, in tandem with the responsibility to provide public goods such as piloting, icebreaking and rescue services by the Russian authorities and state-owned enterprises. The issue of rights to natural resources along the NSR will not be completely settled until a conclusive decision on the Russian claims to extended continental shelf filed under the UNCLOS. Sustainability issues are least controversial and subject to unhindered intergovernmental co-operation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".