Progressive Data Hiding in Integer Wavelet Transform of Electrocardiogram by Using Simple Decision Rule and Coefficient Calibration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Based on one dimensional (1D) integer wavelet transform (IWT) domain, patient's data can be effectively embedded in electrocardiogram (ECG) via the proposed criterion and coefficient alignment.Multiple data bits can be sequentially hidden in host bundles (with different lengths) of the low and high subbands of IWT coefficients.Simulations indicated that the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the payload of the proposed method are superior to those of existing techniques.Additionally, the proposed method exhibited a robustness that has rarely been observed in conventional ECG steganography.Our method is capable of resisting attacks such as cropping, inversion, scaling, translation, truncation, and Gaussian noise addition.Because bit embedding and extraction procedures are quite simple, our method can be applied in portable biometric devices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".