Toward a Full MHD Jet Model of Spinning Black Holes. II. Kinematics and Application to the M87 Jet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this paper, we investigate the magnetohydrodynamical structure of a jet powered by a spinning black hole, where electromagnetic fields and fluid motion are governed by the Grad–Shafranov equation and the Bernoulli equation, respectively. When a steady and axisymmetric jet structure is assumed, the global solution is uniquely determined with the prescribed plasma loading into the jet and the poloidal shape of the outmost magnetic field line. We apply this model to the jet in the center of the nearby radio galaxy M87, and we find that it can naturally explain the slow flow acceleration and the flow velocity stratification within 105 gravitational radii from the central black hole. In particular, we find that the extremal black hole spin is disfavored by the flow velocity measurements if the plasma loading into the jet is dominated by the electron-positron pair production at the jet base.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".