Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dalam studi Islam, Fazlul Rahman dikenal sebagai reformis kontroversial dengan “ ide nakal “. Ia lahir dalam lingkungan moderat yang membuatnya menjadi sosok liberal dalam pikirannya. Pada tahun 1950 ia mendapat gelar Ph.D di Universitas Oxford. Setelah menyelesaikan studinya, dia tidak langsung pergi ke Pakistan, kota kelahirannya, tetapi ia pergi ke Durham University untuk mengajar studi Islam dan demokrasi. Selain itu, ia juga menjadi dosen di Institut Studi Islam, Universitas McGill di Kanada sebagai profesor filsafat. Rahman menyatakan bahwa organisasi pemerintah dalam Islam menerima mandat dari masyarakat muslim bertujuan untuk melakukan wajib Allah yang dinyatakan dalam Alquran. Model ini sebenarnya dipantau di Madina oleh Muhammad saw. Melihat sejarah Medina, Rahman menyatakan bahwa sistem pemerintahan Islam harus demokrasi walaupun penerapannya boleh jadi berbeda-beda sesuai situasi dan kondisi masyarakat di suatu negara.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.035 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".