A Four-Fold Evil? The Crime of Aggression and the Case of Western Sahara
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 2010 the international community codified the crime of aggression. But the jurisdiction of courts and definition of acts encompassed by the crime would remain incomplete. Western Sahara now appears to be the only situation where it is possible to prosecute aggression. The development of the crime is reviewed and the circumstances of aggression in Western Sahara are addressed starting with the territory’s invasion in 1975. The analysis moves to Spain’s 2014 adoption of the crime, its national criminal law jurisdiction and the limits to retroactivity in the case of Western Sahara. Occupation and annexation, as presumptive second and third acts of aggression in Western Sahara, are reviewed. A fourth act of aggression not explicitly defined in 2010 is examined, the intentional denial of a non-self-governing people’s right to self-determination. Defences to aggression in Western Sahara are evaluated. Lessons for future development and application of the crime are discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it