THE LAW ON BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE IN MALAYSIA: A REVIEW
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Directors are responsible for managing and directing the business and affairs of the company and often face difficult situations to decide. Under the business judgment rule (BJR), the officers and directors of a company are immune from liability to the company for losses incurred in corporate transactions within their authority, so long as the transactions are made for proper purpose and in good faith; no material personal interest; is informed about subject matter; and for the best purpose of the company. The objectives of this paper is to examine the law relating to BJR in Malaysia. In achieving the objectives, pure legal research which involved library research has been conducted. Where necessary, special reference has also been made with the law in United States, Canada and Australia on the BJR. The finding shows that the law regarding BJR in Malaysia has been provided in the Companies Act 2016 which is quite similar with the law in Australia. This article concludes that four conditions as stated in section 214 of the Companies Act 2016 must be fulfilled by the directors before BJR can be used to defend their decision making.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".