Measles surveillance in Canada: 2018
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Measles has been eliminated in Canada since 1998. Every year, the Public Health Agency of Canada presents epidemiologic evidence to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to verify that measles continues to be eliminated in Canada. The objectives of this article are to: provide an epidemiologic summary of measles activity reported in 2018 in Canada, and provide documented evidence to support the continued verification of measles elimination status in Canada. METHODS: Measles surveillance data were captured by the Canadian Measles and Rubella Surveillance System (CMRSS) and descriptive analyses of demographics and risk factors were performed. Outbreak characteristics were summarized and genotypic analyses conducted. Surveillance data for 2018 were evaluated against PAHO's essential criteria for measles elimination status. RESULTS: In 2018, 29 measles cases were reported across five provinces in Canada, an incidence rate of 0.8 cases per 1,000,000 population. Of these 29 cases, 16 were imported and five resulted in further transmission within Canada. The age-specific incidence rate was highest among those aged younger than one year (10.2 cases per 1,000,000 population, n=4). Only nine cases were considered up-to-date for measles vaccination, and 11 cases were hospitalized. Genotype information was available for most of the measles cases (n=27); they were all found to be genotypes that circulated globally in 2018. Canada met or partially met three out of four of PAHO's criteria for verification of measles elimination. CONCLUSION: Although importations and areas of low vaccination coverage continue to challenge Canada's elimination status, there is no evidence that endemic transmission of the measles virus has been re-established. Canada maintains its measles elimination status.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".