Offences committed using electronic means of payment by the country of the Saxon legal family (in the United Kingdom and the United States of America)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article analyses the legal characteristics of the criminal laws of foreign States belonging to the Anglo-Saxon legal family (in the case of Great Britain and the United States of America) with regard to criminal liability for crimes committed by electronic means of payment. The peculiarities of this legal family are noted, which affect the position of the legislator with regard to the regulation of cybercrime, including the legal nature of criminal law; The importance of resolutions of the Royal (Westminster) Courts, the Supreme Court on the constitutionality or unconstitutional nature of ordinary («current») laws (USA), in Canada, Australia and other English-speaking States, in which acts of the highest courts on identical subjects have acquired special importance. Problems affecting criminal legislation have been identified: the de facto absence of systematic rules on the limits of the criminal law; There are contradictions between the written sources of criminal law (in particular with regard to fraud and computer crimes; Recognition of the interpretation of the law by sources of criminal law, etc.). It is noted that there is no Criminal Code in the UK, however, issues of criminal liability for computer crimes are regulated at the level of written law: in the Law on Computer Crimes the adoption of which was facilitated by the judicial precedent of 1988 (R v Gold & Schifreen), in the Law on Fraud of 2006, which classifies the elements of crimes committed in the form of fraudulent fraud. The peculiarities of the criminal law of the United States, which like Great Britain, does not have a codified system of criminal law at the federal level, are noted. An analysis of the two-tier legal system of the United States, the peculiarities of criminal liability for cybercrime in certain states, including FOR theft and fraud by the use of payment cards, has been carried out.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".