Do Only-Children Communicate Better Than Non-Only Children?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the implementation of the One-Child Police in China in 1979, great concern has been raised about the physical and psychological development of “only-children.” Some researchers believe that only-children may have difficulty with social skills, which include communication ability, because they would lack early sibling interactions. The aim of the present study was to explore the communication ability of only-children compared to children raised with siblings. We administered the self-developed Interpersonal Communication Ability Assessment Scale, which had been previously validated and refined, to 1,376 medical students in China. Results showed that when considering communication ability on its own, there were slight differences found between only-children and non-only-children. However, this difference was no longer significant when other independent variables were included in a hierarchical linear regression. This might be due to the fact that only-children have more highly educated parents, with more high-status careers, and greater family income that might provide greater social and educational opportunities, which might then increase communication abilities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".