Creatine Supplementation Exhibits Sex Differences in White Adipose Tissue and Increases Mitochondrial Markers in Female Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Activation of white adipose tissue (WAT) thermogenesis, known as WAT browning, has emerged as an attractive approach to treat obesity and obesity‐related diseases. Traditionally BAT or browning WAT has been defined by the expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), a mitochondrial protein that uncouples respiration from ATP production. However, recent work has highlighted creatine metabolism or futile cycling as a potential thermogenic pathway. Creatine‐driven futile cycling is a catabolic process which results in ATP oxidation by mitochondrial creatine kinase, resulting in the phosphorylation of creatine and increases in ADP concentrations that drive thermogenic respiration. The purpose of the present study was two‐fold: 1) to determine the effects of creatine supplementation on markers of WAT browning, and 2) to determine if creatine supplementation exhibits sex differences. Thirty‐two Sprague‐Dawley rats (16 male, 16 female) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups: control, 2.5g/L, 5g/L and 10g/L of creatine monohydrate (CM) and 1% sucrose via drinking water. Rats had ad libitum access to their drinking water and a standard chow diet (AIN‐93G) throughout the study. Following the 8‐week intervention, brown interscapular adipose (BAT) and white subcutaneous inguinal (iWAT) fat depots were collected. Western blotting analysis demonstrated no significant changes in BAT samples for both males and females. Males had lower cytochrome C than females with 10g/L of creatine monohydrate (p<0.05). In iWAT, mitochondrial markers (COXIV, PDH, citrate synthase, and cytochrome C) and GAMT exhibit no changes in males, however, a decrease in UCP‐1 at 5g/L compared to control was observed (p<0.05). Females exhibit a lower control PDH content than males (p<0.01) in iWAT, accompanied by an increase in PDH levels at all doses of CM compared to control (p<0.05). Furthermore, in females COXIV and cytochrome C presented significant increases with 5g/L and 10g/L, respectively (p<0.05). Both males and females did not present with body weight differences despite dose differences. This study presents novel work demonstrating that female WAT exhibits less mitochondrial markers than males under control conditions, however it demonstrates the potential for CM supplementation to increase female adipose thermogenicity to a similar level observed in males. Support or Funding Information Supported by NSERC, Canada
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".