Transitions in Rural Areas Motivated by Demands For Ecosystem Services: Empirical Results From Portugal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A transition in rural areas affected by in-migration is underway, with socialecological systems (SES) becoming more diverse in its activities and in its social capital. In this context, ecosystem services (ES) may be acting as a pull driver for incomers, while its delivery also depends on the increase of social capital in rural areas. This paper investigates this mutualism between ES and SES, particularly whether SES and the inherent ES can stimulate attractiveness to rural areas and promote development, while also benefiting from incoming skilled in-migration. The engagement of in-migrants with rural SES and their demand for ES in rural areas is examined through literature review, observing the phenomena in different cases worldwide, and illustrated with empirical observation in rural Portugal. Results from our empirical observation reveal that the arrival of in-migrants triggers the delivery of new ES such as provisional or cultural services and that these are key to generate positive outcomes for rural SES. Keywords: rural in-migrants, ecosystem services (ES), social-ecological systems (SES), agents of change, transition
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".