Transitions in Rural Areas Motivated by Demands For Ecosystem Services: Empirical Results From Portugal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A transition in rural areas affected by in-migration is underway, with socialecological systems (SES) becoming more diverse in its activities and in its social capital. In this context, ecosystem services (ES) may be acting as a pull driver for incomers, while its delivery also depends on the increase of social capital in rural areas. This paper investigates this mutualism between ES and SES, particularly whether SES and the inherent ES can stimulate attractiveness to rural areas and promote development, while also benefiting from incoming skilled in-migration. The engagement of in-migrants with rural SES and their demand for ES in rural areas is examined through literature review, observing the phenomena in different cases worldwide, and illustrated with empirical observation in rural Portugal. Results from our empirical observation reveal that the arrival of in-migrants triggers the delivery of new ES such as provisional or cultural services and that these are key to generate positive outcomes for rural SES. Keywords: rural in-migrants, ecosystem services (ES), social-ecological systems (SES), agents of change, transition
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".