<i>Spinal trigeminal subnucleus pars muralis</i> <b>: An interface for apneic reflex</b>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Noxious stimulation of the nasal cavity elicits protective reflexes for the upper respiratory tract, including sneezing, mucus secretion, apnea and cardiovascular reflexes. Yet, no studies have shown the full circuit responsible for the apneic response upon noxious stimulation of the nasal mucosa. Here, we show that injection of cholera toxin beta subunit into the nasal mucosa leads to terminal labeling in the transition zone between the interpolaris and caudalis subnuclei of the trigeminal sensory complex, i.e. subnucleus muralis (SpVm). We also provide physiological evidence that ammonia vapor delivered into the nasal cavity induces an apneic reaction and activates some SpVm cells. Subnucleus muralis cells also respond to mechanical stimulation of the narial pad and the nasal mucosa. Yet, none of the muralis cells responded to vibrissa deflection. Electrolytic lesion of SpVm or unilateral transection of the anterior ethmoidal nerve prevent apnea induced by ammonia delivery to the nasal epithelium, demonstrating their crucial role in the apneic reflex. We also found direct projections from SpVm to the respiratory centers, particularly the preBötzinger complex (preBötC). Inhibition of inspiratory preBötC cells and increased firing of expiratory preBötC cells are associated with ammonia‐induced apnea. Anatomical and physiological data presented here support the hypothesis that nasal induced apnea may be mediated by direct projections from nasal innervated Subnucleus muralis neurons to the PreB ö tC complex .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".