A Comparison of the Effects of Several Agents Found in Common Foodstuffs on Cholecystokinin‐induced Tension in Guinea Pig Gallbladder Strips
Bibliographic record
Abstract
17beta‐estradiol (E2) has an inhibitory effect on the contractility of gastrointestinal smooth muscle, including the gallbladder. The inhibition of extracellular Ca 2+ entry mediated E2‐induced relaxation of either CCK‐ or KCl‐induced tension in male and female guinea pig gallbladder strips. Chrysin, an endocrine disrupter, and luteolin are flavones. Resveratrol is a non‐flavonoid phytoestrogen, quercetin a phytoestrogen, and curcumin a diarylheptanoid. All are natural constituents of common foodstuffs. All relaxed CCK‐induced tension in male guinea pig gallbladder strips. Luteolin, quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, and chrysin relaxed the CCK‐induced tension in the gallbladder strips by blocking extracellular Ca 2+ entry and intracellular Ca 2+ release. The effect of luteolin was also mediated by the PKA/cAMP system while quercetin also involved NO. In addition to the Ca 2+ effects, the effects of curcumin and chrysin involved the PKC system. The purpose of this study was to determine which of these agents was most potent in relaxing the CCK‐induced tension in gallbladder strips. Luteolin was the most potent (98.2±2.0%), chrysin (45.4±3.7%), resveratrol (41.1±4.0%), quercetin (42.9±3.0%), curcumin (39.4±4.0%), and E2 (64.5±2.3%) when using 50 mM of each agent. Luteolin had the largest effect at all the other concentrations used (10, 25, 50, and 100 mM) in relaxing CCK‐induced tension. Curcumin was the least potent. There was no significant difference in the amount of relaxation induced by chrysin, resveratrol, and quercetin were compared. The effect of E2 was second only to luteolin. Support or Funding Information This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not‐for‐profit sectors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".