Innovative Application of Tire-Derived Aggregate around Corrugated Steel Plate Culverts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a new application of tire-derived aggregate (TDA) backfill around corrugated steel plate (CSP) pipe culverts is proposed and its feasibility is explored experimentally and numerically. Pressure distribution around buried structures depends on the relative stiffness of the structure and the surrounding backfill material. Accordingly, earth pressure around buried culverts can be reduced by installing a layer of compressible material such as TDA above the culverts, developing a positive arching mechanism, causing the earth pressure above the culverts to be less than the theoretical value of the weight of the soil prism above them. Four full-scale tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using a layer of TDA material in different backfill envelope configurations around 600-mm CSP culverts. In addition, three-dimensional (3D) finite-element models of the tests were developed and verified against the experimental results to study the interaction mechanisms in the considered problem. An intensive parametric study was also conducted to examine the effect of the TDA backfill envelope configuration around the culvert, the influence of the stiffness of the top granular backfill, the performance of the proposed system beneath rigid pavement, the effect of the culvert burial depth, and the performance of the proposed system under embankment loads. The results show that the proposed system can be effectively used to decrease culvert stresses and deformations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".