Grid Support Functions Impact on Residential Voltage Profile for Updated Canadian Interconnection Standard
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) (especially PV) presents a number of technical challenges for power system operation; one of them being overvoltage. To better manage the grid operation, the interconnection standards around the world are including requirement of grid support functions (GSFs) for these DERs. The recently updated Canadian interconnection standard, CSA C22.3 No. 9 also included advanced GSFs requirements for these DERs. This paper investigates the impact of high PV penetration on the voltage profile of Canadian suburban residential neighborhood. The initial base case is established with the consideration of the legacy PV inverter (unity power factor operation) in 216 houses in which case voltage violation is observed in the network. Then the voltage profile of the neighborhood is compared for three separate scenarios with different GSFs; fixed power factor, Volt-Var and Volt-Watt. Each GSF is configured according to the CSA C22.3 No. 9 standard. These functions can mitigate/reduce the overvoltage issues in different proportions, e.g., voltage violation does not occur for fixed power factor operation. The impact of these GSFs on the customer PV production (active power) and the loading of the network component are also analyzed in this paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".