Bibliographic record
Abstract
The development of welfare and welfare policy in Sweden 1994–2019Sweden is a country with a high standard of living, relatively small income differentials and a well-developed welfare system. However, that does not mean that there are no problems. The development of the economy, labour market and welfare in Sweden has been dramatic in several respects over the last quarter of a century. The variations in economic development have been considerable during this period, which has had an impact on the labour market, not least for groups such as young people who have not completed high school studies and newly arrived refugees. Also important is the increase of immigration because of the expansion of the EU but also of refugees. The economic development has affected various individuals and groups in different ways. Economic development has also had an influence on the development of the different parts of the welfare system. There have been several changes in the social policy programmes. Privatization of parts of the sector is one important change. This chapter outlines the main features of this development in different areas of the economy, the labour market and the welfare system in Sweden.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.021 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".