Analysis of CT-CV Charging Technique for Lithium-ion and NCM 18650 Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Battery Technology is ramping up these days with enormous boost in electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) industry. One of the promising and crucial in batteries is to provide safe and quick charging algorithms. An extension of constant temperature and constant voltage (CT-CV) charging technique is studied in this paper, with a battery under test (BUT) of chemistry type Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) 18650 lithium-ion cell. The analysis of the charging time, and surface temperature rise along with the PID controller gains used is performed at ambient temperature of 20°C. The performance and surface temperature analysis during charging and also discharge can be seen in this paper. In addition, the experimental setup is explained in detail with emphasis on the implemented CTCV algorithm. Also, the CT-CV charging technique implemented is compared to the standard constant current and constant voltage (CC-CV). By the end, the experimental results on tests performed with NMC cell is presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".