Prolonged oral coenzyme Q10-β-cyclodextrin supplementation increases skeletal muscle complex I+III activity in young Thoroughbreds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 ) is an essential component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Decreased skeletal muscle CoQ 10 content may result in decreased ETC activity and energy production. This study tested the hypotheses that supplementation with oral CoQ 10 will increase plasma CoQ 10 concentrations and that prolonged supplementation will increase skeletal muscle CoQ 10 content in young, healthy untrained Thoroughbreds. Nineteen Thoroughbreds (27.5±9.7 months old; 11 males, eight females) from one farm and maintained on a grass pasture with one grain meal per day were supplemented daily with 1.5 mg/kg body weight of an oral CoQ 10 -β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Whole-blood and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected before (T 0 ) and after (T 1 ) nine weeks of supplementation. Plasma CoQ 10 concentrations were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial ETC combined complex I+III enzyme activity (indirect measurement of CoQ 10 content) was assessed spectrophotometrically and normalised to mitochondrial abundance. Horses accepted supplementation with no adverse effects. Plasma CoQ 10 concentration increased in all horses following supplementation, with mean plasma CoQ 10 concentration significantly increasing from T 0 to T 1 (0.13±0.02 vs 0.25±0.03 μg/ml; mean difference 0.12±0.03; P =0.004). However, variability in absorbance resulted in a 58% response rate (i.e. doubling of T 1 above T 0 values). The mean skeletal muscle complex I+III activity significantly increased from T 0 to T 1 (0.36±0.04 vs 0.59±0.05 pmol/min/mg of muscle, mean difference 0.23±0.05; P =0.0004), although T 1 values for three out of 19 horses decreased on average by 23% below T 0 values. In conclusion, oral supplementation with CoQ 10 in the diet of young, healthy untrained Thoroughbreds increased mean plasma CoQ 10 concentration by 99% with prolonged daily supplementation increasing mean skeletal muscle complex I+III activity by 65%. Additional research is warranted investigating training and exercise effects on skeletal muscle CoQ 10 content in CoQ 10 supplemented and un-supplemented Thoroughbreds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".