Indirect Decompression Effect to Central Canal and Ligamentum Flavum After Extreme Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study (level of evidence: level 4). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the radiographic outcomes after extreme lateral lumbar interbody fusion (XLIF) and oblique lateral lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) procedures especially the effect of indirect decompression to the ligamentum flavum and to evaluate the effect of facet degeneration to the radiographic outcomes of these procedures. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Indirect decompression via lateral lumbar interbody fusion provides spinal canal area expansion. However, the effect to the ligamentum flavum area and thickness at the operated spinal level is unclear. METHODS: Thirty-five patients (57 lumbar levels) underwent XLIF or OLIF with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPS) without direct posterior decompression were retrospectively studied. Radiographic parameters including ligamentum flavum area (LFA), ligamentum flavum thickness (LFT), cross-sectional area (CSA) of thecal sac, posterior disc height, foraminal height, cage alignment, and facet degeneration were measured on magnetic resonance image (MRI). Cage position was assessed with plain radiography. RESULTS: All of the radiographic parameters were significantly improved. Comparing pre- and postoperative value, mean LFA decreased from 78.9 ± 24.9 mm to 66.9 ± 26.8 mm (-14.2%; P-value < 0.00625). Mean right LFT decreased from 2.9 ± 0.9 mm to 2.3 ± 0.7 (-17.0%; P-value < 0.00625). Mean left LFT decreased from 3.3 ± 1.6 mm to 2.6 ± 0.9 mm (-17.6%; P-value < 0.00625). Mean CSA of thecal sac increased from 93.1 ± 43.0 mm to 127.3 ± 52.5 mm (50.8%; P-value < 0.00625). All radiographic outcomes were not significant difference between lumbar levels that have grade 0-1 and grade 2-3 or between grade 2 and grade 3 facet degeneration. CONCLUSION: Ligamentum flavum area and thickness were significantly reduced after lateral lumbar interbody fusion through both XLIF and OLIF. Unbuckling of the ligamentum flavum played an important role for improvement of spinal canal area after the indirect decompression. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".