Integrated Modelling and Enhanced Utilization of Power-to-Ammonia for High Renewable Penetrated Multi-Energy Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper proposes an integrated model of power-to-ammonia (P2A) to exploit the inherent operational dispatchability of nitrogen-ammonia (N2-NH3) cycles for high-renewable multi-energy systems. In this model, the steady-state electrolytic process is mathematically formulated into a thermodynamic system based on thermo-electrochemical effects, and the long-term degradation process of P2A is transformed as the short-term degradation cost to characterize its cost-efficiency. Furthermore, the enhanced utilization of P2A is explored to form a renewable energy hub for coupled multi-energy supplies, and a coupling matrix is formulated for the optimal synergies of electrical, ammonia and thermal energy carriers. An iterative solution approach is further developed to schedule the hub-internal multi-energy conversion and storage devices for high-efficiency utilization of available hybrid solar-wind renewables. Numerical studies on a stand-alone microgrid over a 24-hour scheduling periods are presented to confirm the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methodology over regular battery and power-to-gas (P2G) storages on system operational economy and renewable energy accommodation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".