Investigations of dielectric properties of some frozen materials using cross-borehole radiowave pulse transmissions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
soils ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)Pulsed radiowaves have been transmitted between boreholes at specially prepared sites in central Alaska to determine physical properties of the intervening material.The boreholes were drilled 12-25 m deep in both ice-rich silt and frozen alluvium, materials commonly found in the Alaskan interior.The pulse spectra were centered near 100 MHz and were analyzed to obtain the ground dielectric constant ' and the attenuation rate , which were then correlated with material type, water content and temperature.The ice-rich silt, which had volumetric ice contents between 47 and 70%, gave ' values between 4 and 7 and values between 2 and 4 dB/m, thus limiting the use of our commercial equipment to borehole spacings of less than 20 m.For this material, ' correlated well with volumetric ice content but not with temperature.In a deep section (25 m), dielectric contrasts were seen between ice-rich silt, massive ice and frozen gravel.In the frozen alluvium, ' values varied between 4 and 6 and values were less than 1 dB/m, thus allowing signals to be received at a borehole spacing of over 40 m.Generally, ' varied little with depth for any borehole pair.The pulses recorded at the widest spacings were due to direct transmissions and not to alternate, indirect paths that might include surface reflection or refraction.The observations thus demonstrate a method for reducing the number of boreholes commonly required for obtaining geotechnical information, and they provide data for determining borehole separation for a few common materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".