Creep Burst Coincident With Faulting in Marble Observed in 4‐D Synchrotron X‐Ray Imaging Triaxial Compression Experiments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Faults in carbonate rocks show both seismic and aseismic deformation processes, leading to a wide range of slip velocities. We deformed two centimeter‐scale cores of Carrara marble at 25°C and imaged the nucleation and growth of faults using dynamic synchrotron X‐ray microtomography. The first sample experienced a constant confinement of 30 MPa and no pore fluid. The second sample experienced confinement in the range 35–23 MPa and water as a pore fluid at 10 MPa pore pressure. We increased the axial stress by steps until creep deformation occurred and imaged deformation in 4‐D. The samples deformed with a quasi‐constant or increasing strain rate when the differential stress was constant, a process called creep. However, for both samples, we also observed transient events that include the acceleration of creep, that is, creep bursts, phenomena similar to slow slip events that occur in continental active faults. During these transient creep events, strain rates increase and correlate in time with strain localization and the slow development of system‐spanning fault networks. In both samples, the acceleration of opening and shearing of microfractures accommodated creep bursts. High‐resolution time‐lapse X‐ray microtomography imaging and digital image correlation during triaxial deformation quantify creep in laboratory faults at subgrain spatial resolution. This work demonstrates that transient creep events, that is, creep bursts or slow slip events, correlate with the nucleation and slow growth of faults and not only with slip on preexisting faults.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".