A 12.5mg mm-Scale Inductively-Powered Light-Directivity-Enhanced Highly-Linear Bidirectional Optogenetic Neuro-Stimulator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The design, development, and experimental validation of a mm-scale self-contained bidirectional optogenetic stimulator are presented. A novel current-mode LED driving circuit architecture is employed that allows for fully-linear control of optical stimulation up to ILED=10mA, with the smallest reported 200mV headroom, significantly boosting the electrical-to-optical energy conversion efficiency. The system's energy efficiency is further improved by inkjet printing of custom-designed optical μlenses on top of the device to enhance the generated light directivity. Our results show a 30.46× irradiance (optical power per area) improvement for the same electrical power consumption. In addition to the two stimulation channels, the SoC integrates two recording channels for LFP recording and digitization, and is powered through an on-chip coil with PTE=2.24%. Full experimental SoC electrical and optical characterization and in vitro measurement results are reported.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".