Thermomechanical properties of sand–structure interface using temperature-controlled triaxial instrument
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To study the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of a sand–structure interface, a temperature-controlled interface shear test system based on a triaxial instrument was developed by placing a cylindrical structure inside a triaxial soil sample and connecting them to two individual thermostat water baths. Sand–aluminum interface shear tests under effective cell pressures of 50, 100, and 200 kPa and temperatures of 6, 19, 32, and 45 °C were carried out to evaluate the thermal effects on the interface strength under drained conditions. Constant vertical force–stiffness coupled with a thermal load applied to the aluminum top before the interface shearing was also considered. The results show that the new apparatus can serve a variety of thermomechanical load paths, including maintaining a constant rate of displacement and a constant vertical force–stiffness on the structure top prior to the shearing process. The apparatus also has advantages over other interface shear devices in controlling drainage conditions and measurement of volume change and excess pore pressure. A comparison with the previous literature on interface shear strength verifies the results in this study. Different thermomechanical load paths applied on the interface supplement the insignificant thermal effect on the sand–aluminum interface shear strength. However, it is the first time that the displacement of the aluminum is observed to be related to thermal variations and independent of the magnitude of the vertical force.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".