Minor Folds in Coticule Layers and Their Relationship to Regional Fold Evolution, Central Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The highly anisotropic turbidite sequences of the Meguma Group in southern Nova Scotia are folded into upright, noncylindrical, northeast-southwest trending box and chevron folds. Minor folds are well-developed in spessartine-bearing carbonate quartzite layers, termed coticules, in the Beaverbank member, the basal unit of the Halifax Formation in central Nova Scotia. Classical interpretations for the development of minor folds involve layer-parallel shortening predating regional fold development, with minor folds becoming asymmetric as regional folds develop. This interpretation has been used for the origin of buckled bedding-parallel veins in the Meguma Group. Minor fold geometry and related structures were documented in five outcrop locations in the central Meguma zone; two locations in a regional fold hinge, and three locations on regional fold limbs. Minor folds in coticule layers display ptygmatic, sinusoidal, box, and chevron fold geometries, and all folds are moderately noncylindrical. Fold geometry is mainly ptygmatic in regional fold hinges whereas minor folds are more open and commonly display box fold geometry on regional fold limbs. Some minor folds on regional fold limbs are asymmetric, consistent with flexural flow folding, whereas others are symmetric with axial planes and cleavage at high angles to bedding. Cleavage is axial planar to all minor folds and can locally diverge from the regional cleavage trend by up to 90o. Cleavage exhibits a divergent fan pattern around the outer arc reflecting inverse tangential longitudinal strain. All coticule layers are folded in regional fold hinges; however, coticule layers are locally non-folded on regional fold limbs. Folding of coticule layers record significantly more shortening in regional fold hinges than on regional fold limbs. The average shortening recorded by minor folds in the regional fold hinge is 51% (N=94), whereas on regional fold limbs the average is 27% (N=89). The shortening values reported for regional fold limbs do not include the non-folded layers at one location on a regional fold limb. In thin section, outer arc extension is common in folded coticule layers, recording tangential longitudinal strain. Extensional fractures occur along garnet grain boundaries indicating that fold initiation postdates garnet formation. Foliation-defining minerals wrap around spessartine grains and no inclusion trails are evident indicating cleavage formed after spessartine formation. Coticule layers display boudinage parallel to regional cleavage which records significant vertical and hinge- parallel extension. The observed minor fold geometries, in particular box folds, support development during layer-parallel shortening. However, the lack of minor folds in coticule layers on some regional fold limbs, and the contrast in the degree of shortening recorded by minor folds in regional fold hinges compared with limbs suggests that layer-parallel strain was not homogeneous across the terrane. The observed features of minor folds can be explained by layer-parallel shortening in the flat segments of early formed regional box folds followed by hinge migration, resulting in redistribution of minor folds, and continued shortening in fold hinges during progressive fold development. This interpretation is consistent with the box and chevron fold character of regional folds; such folds typically initiate with little layer-parallel shortening and involve considerable hinge migration during development. Keywords: Meguma Supergroup, coticule, box folds, hinge migration, layer-parallel shortening, axial planar cleavage. Pages: 164 Supervisors: Nick Culshaw and Rick Horne
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".