The formation of the young massive cluster B1 in the Antennae Galaxies (NGC 4038/NGC 4039) triggered by cloud–cloud collision
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Antennae Galaxies, one of major mergers, are a starburst. Tsuge et al. (2020, PASJ, 73, S35) showed that the five giant molecular complexes in the Antennae Galaxies have signatures of cloud–cloud collisions based on the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) archival data with 60 pc resolution. In the present work we analyzed the new CO data toward the super star cluster (SSC) B1 with 14 pc resolution obtained with ALMA, and confirm that two clouds show a complementary distribution with a displacement of ∼70 pc as well as connecting bridge features between them. The complementary distribution shows a good correspondence with the theoretical collision model (Takahira et al. 2014, ApJ, 792, 63), and the distribution indicates that the formation of SSC B1 with ∼106 M⊙ was consistent with the trigger of cloud–cloud collision on a time scale of ∼1 Myr, which is consistent with the cluster age. It is likely that SSC B1 was formed from molecular gas of ∼107 M⊙ with a star formation efficiency of $\sim\! 10\%$ in 1 Myr. We identify a few places where additional clusters are forming. Detailed gas motion indicates that the stellar feedback in the accelerating gas is not effective, while the ionization plays a role in evacuating the gas around the clusters at a ∼20 pc radius. The results have revealed the details of the parent gas where a cluster having a mass similar to a globular is being formed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".