Engineering Properties of Bauxite Residue
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bauxite residue is a by-product of alumina refining from bauxite ore according to the Bayer process.During the last two decades, potential use of this by-product in highway engineering projects, which engage big volumes of earthwork, has been investigated through laboratory research and site application.Investigation of bauxite residue properties by different research institutes produced varying chemical composition, values of physical characteristics and strength features.Comparing these research results worldwide, one can easily notice the significant irregularity, attributed, in the first place, to the bauxite ore.However, there are probably, other reasons, as well, which make these test results and, especially, the strength test results, difficult to interpret and, probably, non-comparable.This scientific article presents an overview of chemical analyses and test results on physical and strength properties of bauxite residue worldwide.It also attempts an exploration of the reasons for the disparity of values encountered in the international literature.Moreover, the article presents a recipe to enhance the strength properties of bauxite residue with view to utilising the byproduct for engineering purposes.Two pilot engineering projects, introducing bauxite residue as main construction material, are herewith outlined.The unprecedented success of the pilot projects linked to the excellent performance of the bauxite residue structures pointed out the prospective benefits from the use of this by-product in engineering.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".