The Complex Permeability of Split-Ring Resonator Arrays Measured at Microwave Frequencies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have measured the relative permeability of splitring resonator (SRR) arrays used in metamaterials designed to have μ' <; 0 over a narrow range of microwave frequencies. The SRR arrays were loaded into the bore of a loop-gap resonator (LGR), and the reflection coefficient measurements were used to determine both the real and imaginary parts of the array's effective permeability. Data were collected as a function of array size and SRR spacing. The results were compared with those obtained from continuous extended SRRs (ESRRs). The arrays of planar SRRs exhibited enhanced damping and a narrower range of frequencies with μ' <; 0 compared with the ESRRs. The observed differences in damping, however, were diminished considerably when the array size was expanded from a 1-D array of N SRRs to a 2 x 2 x N array. Our method can also be used to experimentally determine the effective permeability of other metamaterial designs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".